Semen, Sires & Genetic Programs Category Guide

What Are Semen & Genetic Programs?

AI studs produce, store, and distribute semen from bulls selected for genetic merit. Genetic programs help farmers select bulls that match their breeding goals, whether focusing on production, health, type, or a balanced approach. Modern genetics combined with genomic testing drives continuous herd improvement.

Major AI Companies

Select Sires / GENEX

Farmer-owned cooperative with extensive bull lineup. Offers conventional and sexed semen, breeding programs, and on-farm technician services.

ABS Global

Major international genetics company with proprietary sire lines. Known for genetic research and innovative products.

STgenetics

Pioneered sexed semen technology. Offers sexed and conventional semen with focus on specialized genetics.

Other Sources

Numerous smaller studs and niche providers offer specialty genetics, rare breeds, and unique sire lines. Importers bring genetics from international markets.

Understanding Genetic Indexes

Net Merit (NM$)

The primary U.S. selection index, combining production, health, fertility, and type traits into economic value. Higher NM$ indicates greater profit potential.

Component Indexes

TPI (Holstein), JPI (Jersey), and breed-specific indexes weight traits differently than NM$. Choose indexes that match your breeding philosophy.

Individual Traits

PTA (Predicted Transmitting Ability) values for milk, fat, protein, SCS, fertility, and type traits. Important for targeting specific improvements.

Sexed Semen

Produces 85-95% female offspring. Typically costs 2-3x conventional semen. Best used on heifers and high-fertility cows. Lower conception rates require adjusted expectations.

Building a Breeding Program

• Define your goals: Production emphasis? Health and fertility focus? Type priority?
• Evaluate your current herd's strengths and weaknesses
• Select an index or trait emphasis that fits your goals
• Choose bulls that correct weaknesses while maintaining strengths
• Balance genetic diversity—don't overuse individual sires

Mating Programs

Many AI companies offer computerized mating programs that match bulls to individual cows based on genetic potential and physical traits. These programs help avoid inbreeding and target improvements.

Cost Considerations

Conventional semen ranges from $10-50+ per unit for proven bulls. Genomic young sires often cost less ($8-25). Sexed semen runs $25-80+ per unit. Higher-priced genetics should be justified by breeding value improvements.